STD X – HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY – NEWTON

Blood Circulatory System

Our body requires energy, nourishment, and oxygen.There is a need to transport various substances like digested food materials which are the sources of energy for the body from one part of the body to other.

The circulatory system is a vital system, and its constant movement of blood allows for gases and nutrients to be exchanged so the cells in our body can carry out their vital functions.

Heart along with the blood vessels constitute the circulatory system.

Blood Circulations in Body

Blood is essential for good health. Our body needs a steady supply of fuel and oxygen to reach its billions of cells. Even the heart cannot survive without blood flowing through the vessels that bring nourishment to its muscular walls.

Excretion and Excretory Organs

The excretory system is essential to one’s health. Its responsibility is to remove waste from the body.

Excretion:

Removal of nitrogenous waste from the body due to its metabolic activities is called excretion.

Excretory organs:

The excretory system is made up of numerous organs that work in unison to ensure that waste is effectively removed from your body.

Urinary system:

The Urinary system, also known as the renal system, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra.Each kidney consists of millions of functional units called nephrons.

Sense Organs

The organs of the body, which respond to the exterior stimuli by transferring impulses, are known as the sense organs.

There are five sense organs namely, eyes, ears, nose, skin and the tongue.

In this chapter, you will learn more about these sense organs.

Neuron -The unit of Nervous System

The nervous system controls and co-ordinates of all the activities of all the organs of any living being. A neuron is the fundamental unit of the nervous system. Neurons are those cells that transmit and receive messages from the central nervous system. In this topic, you will learn about some important terms related to the nervous system, functions of a neuron, classification of neurons based on structure and function, and the difference between the nerve cell and the neuron.

Peripheral Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is made up of the nerves that come out from and go into the brain and spinal cord. The PNS is further subdivided into the Autonomic Nervous System and the Somatic Nervous System.

In this chapter, you will learn more about the peripheral nervous system.

Reproduction in Animals

The beautiful mushrooms that crop up after rains, the baby whale that follows its mother in the ocean, the naughty lion cubs that gambol in the wilds of Savannah, these are all examples of new life on earth. Every organism that ‘lives’ on the earth gives birth to young ones to aid in the continuation of life.

Reproduction is a biological process by which offspring or new individual organisms are produced by their parent. Each individual organism that has ever existed is because of reproduction. It occurs in plants and animals, and in simple single-celled organisms to complex multicellular beings.